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News Blackout In the first few days of the invasion, Israeli troops occupied and muted a number of Palestinian television and radio stations in Ramallah and other cities. Then, a clear message was sent to the international media, when an Italian reporter was shot and killed by an Israeli tank, another TV repoter was shot in the neck, and a number of TV reporters' offices were broken into and ransacked. Later, the TV reporter of Abu-Dabi was deported and the government journalist card was revoked for other TV reporters. Foreign TV reporters were denied freedom of movement except if permitted by the military authorities, so they confined themselves to their offices and began to function as televised radio reporters. In addition, a number of European and American volunteers and activists were deported by Israeli police. Moreover, the Israeli right-wing government has prevented the free access of the Israeli media into the reoccupied cities. Israel's official and private media were forced to rely, in their news coverage, on European and American TV reports. One must be reminded here that on January 19th, Israeli tanks and troops occupied the Palestinian Broadcasting Station and blew it up. This was a systematically planned campaign that ended on April 13th when Israeli troops took over the Jawal Telephone Company, a Palestinian Mobile Phone Company and disrupted its services. One hour later, the Israeli authorities disconnected our telephone access to the world. All communication, by telephone, facsimile and electronic mail, was completely severed. Apparently, the use of intimidation and violence by the Israeli army was meant to: disrupt the work of Palestinian and international media; severe the electronic communication with the world; tightly shut the OPTs in front of all the media groups; and create a news blackout on its military activities. These measures provided the army with a tool to prevent any eyewitnesses from reporting what goes on inside, especially European television reporters. One should ask: was there something the Israeli army wanted, very much, to hide? In order to answer this question, we must provide a short political background. A Short Background Both the Barak and the Sharon governments have started a war of aggression against the Palestinian Authority as well against 3.2 million Palestinian civilians. In violation of the Oslo Accords, a signed agreement, General Barak: initiated a war of aggression that included the use of massive and disproportionate fire against Palestinian civilians that resulted in the killing and maiming of hundreds. Among other lethal methods, Defense Minister and Prime Minister Barak: used Apache helicopter gunships that fired anti-tank rockets on civilian houses, hospitals and security installations; stationed tanks, and used them to bombard civilian populated areas; began a campaign of extra judicial killings of Palestinian activists; allowed his army and police, including snipers, to shoot and kill a big number of Palestinian civilians who protested against his intransigent policies; allowed armed settlers to attack, shoot and kill Palestinian civilians; did not stop a number of ferocious racial attacks by Israeli mobs against Palestinian civilians who are citizens of Israel; allowed his police, including snipers, to shoot and kill 12 Palestinian civilians and citizens who participated in demonstrations protesting against Barak's intransigent policies; and prevented the entrance of food and medicine to besieged Palestinian civilian locations. General Sharon, who on February 8th was elected by 62.3 percent of the Israeli electorate, replaced General Barak as Prime Minister, acted, towards the Palestinians, in the same fashion but with more intensity. The Israeli army continued to assassinate Palestinian activists, tanks continued to bombard Palestinian civilian localities, F-16 bombers and Apache helicopter gunships continued to raid Palestinian security installations and civilian commercial enterprises such as the Gaza Seaport, fishermen's boats, factories and workshops. On a number of occasions, the assassination of a Palestinian activist will be carried out in a period of relative calm, which then will provoke a Palestinian violent response. The government will then use this as a justification for retaliation. This was Sharon's style of avoiding political negotiations with the Palestinian authority because it might lead to a halt in colonial settlement, a concession that Sharon could not give. Deligitimization of the PA In the aftermath of numerous military incursions, raids and assassinations, Minister of Defense General Ben-Eliezer declared: "We are not interested in occupying the "A" areas. We do not want to bring down the Palestinian Authority. We are not fighting against the Palestinian people but against terror." This declaration was followed by a systematic propaganda campaign that aimed to discredit and deligitimised the Palestinian Authority. Numerous Israeli politicians, diplomats, security and military officers conducted a harmonized campaign of anti-Palestinian slander that was openly directed against Palestinian President Yasser Arafat. Then, the Israeli government took a resolution in which it called President Yasser Arafat irrelevant. Then more slander began to pour out. Yasser Arafat was accused of heading a terrorist authority and a coalition of terrorists. One could detect that the use of slander, demonisation of Arafat and the terror Mantra by the Israeli right-wing government were meant to liquidate the Oslo Agreement by eliminating the Oslo partner, namely the Palestinian Authority. This development was a necessary precondition for the continuation of the Zionist colonial project inside the OPTs that kept on expanding under both a Left and Right Zionist governments. After slander and deligitimisation, the Israeli government decided to isolate and humiliate Yasser Arafat. While being in the PA Compound in Ramallah, Apache helicopter gunships and F-16 bombers bombed out and rocketed Arafat's two helicopters and a small jet plane in the Gaza Strip. In addition, Israeli army bulldozers ploughed the Gaza Airport. Then tanks moved on and occupied parts of Ramallah, then withdrew under world pressure. Later on, Israeli tanks came as near as one hundred meters from Arafat's headquarters in Ramallah. These were escalating steps that led to the "Big Bang" on March 29th. Zionist Customs of War According to International Law, war crimes are violations of "the laws and customs of war" that are committed by states during war conditions. They could be classified into three categories: (a) crimes against peace; (b) war crimes; and (c) crimes against humanity. (a) Crimes against Peace: Could be defined by International Law as including the "… planning, preparation, initiation, or waging of a war of Aggression, or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements, or assurances, or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the foregoing." (b) War Crimes: could be defined by International Law as including… but not be limited to, murder, ill-treatment, or deportation to slave labor or for any other purpose of civilian population of or in occupied territory, murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war or persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity. (c) Crimes against Humanity: These are war crimes committed by state armies against civilians. They include, according to international law, "… murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war …" Throughout the period March 29-April 14, the Israeli army has carried out a number of violations, inside Palestinian cities, that clearly show distinctive features of war crimes. The Israeli army has murdered an unknown number of Palestinian civilians, security personnel and armed Palestinians. Some were shot and killed in the streets and inside their houses, while others were killed as a result of fire by heavy tank machine guns, anti-tank rockets, bombardment and explosions. Israeli tanks bombarded at least one hospital in Jenin for two hours on April 4th. Its oxygen, water, and electricity supply were devastated to a point where it could not function anymore as a hospital. In addition, an Israeli army bulldozer ploughed the street that leads to the hospital making it inaccessible. Other hospitals in Ramallah, Nablus, Bethlehem, Bayt Jala, and Hebron were encircled with tanks and cuts of water, electricity and telephone networks were frequently applied by the Israeli army. Moreover, Palestinian and Red Cross ambulances were denied the freedom to provide their emergency service to the wounded. Despite that, some Palestinian ambulances tried to provide medical help. Some of the ambulances were run over by tanks, others were expropriated by the army, while others were shot at, sometimes stopped, searched and kept waiting for over one hour while carrying wounded civilians inside. The only ambulance owned by the Jenin Hospital was put out of order. For twelve days Red Cross and Palestinian ambulances were denied entrance to Jenin and Jenin Refugee Camp. Obviously, the army wanted to deny medical treatment for the wounded making them bleed to death. In addition, for the past twelve days, the Israeli army still lays a tight siege to the Jenin area, and still prevents the entrance of relief agencies, medical and food supplies, journalists, United Nations Relief and Work Agency, and anti war demonstrators. This systematic policy by the Israeli army will logically leads us to conclude that the army is very anxious and determined to hide something from the Israeli and world public opinion. It also reveals that the Israeli army aims, as a matter of policy, at the maximization of Palestinian death toll. The murder of civilians and the systematic denial of medical treatment to the wounded and the sick, lead directly to the murder of civilians. These are war crimes that are deliberate, strongly immoral, and brutally inhumane and cannot be justified under any circumstances. Plunder and Wanton Destruction Other types of war crimes that were stipulated by International Law are the " … plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity." During clashes and after the cessation of fire, Israeli tanks and Apache helicopter gunships, bombarded and rocketed residential quarters in Nablus, Jenin and Jenin Refugee Camp. Tanks, military bulldozers, explosives and helicopter gunships demolished the old city of Nablus and the al-Yasmina quarter. After the cessation of clashes, the Israeli army began a campaign of search, devastate and plunder. Numerous private vehicles were either run over or damaged by passing tanks. Many commercial enterprises such as supermarkets, stores, Banks, customers' safes, hotels, companies, workshops, money exchange bureaus and factories were devastated, ransacked and plundered by Israeli tanks and soldiers. In addition cultural centers, Ramallah's only theatre, the al-Sakakini Cultural Center, sports centers and human rights centers were also ransacked. Hospitals were encircled with tanks, besieged, and bombarded. Tanks bombarded water supply sources and electricity grids. Tanks purposefully knocked down traffic lights, electricity and telephone poles. Underground network of water pipes were dug out and cut by army bulldozers. The window glass of offices and private houses were shot at and shattered. The doors of residential buildings and private houses were forcefully opened, mostly at night, by either the use of heavy hammers or dynamite. Due to the daily march of rambling tanks, the city roads, sidewalks, trees, greenery and flowers were absolutely devastated. In addition, a number of Palestinian ministries were ransacked and devastated, such as the ministries of education, agriculture, industry, health and social welfare. Prior to destruction, the Israeli army expropriated documents, data and the computer servers of ministries and government offices. This destruction could be added to the initial destruction of security centers and the interior ministry, which were rocketed and demolished inside the PA Compound. Of course, war also means devastation, destruction and a lot of rubble and there has never been a "clean and noble" war. But, devastation and wanton destruction that takes place after the cessation of clashes cannot be justified by a military necessity. It could have been imperative for a hidden agenda that the army wanted to implement. It is imperative to observe that most of the wanton destruction, caused by the Israeli invasion, to Palestinian cities, was systematically carried out to cause maximum economic damage to the civilian society. The Israeli army wanted to cause the maximum damage to the civilian infrastructure and to eliminate any economic enterprises that could provide employment and income to Palestinian civilians. The army intended also to lower the starting level of Palestinian independence, economic and nation building. The Israeli colonial bourgeoisie might, probably, have thought of the economic benefits that the Israeli economy might achieve during the process of the after war rejuvenation and rebuilding. Deportation and Ethnic Cleansing Ethnic cleansing and genocide against indigenous population are considered by United Nations instruments as two types of war crimes. Although, a campaign of slow ethnic cleansing has been carried out by the Israeli army inside the Gaza Strip during the Barak and Sharon governments, nevertheless, the largest campaign of ethnic cleansing was carried by the Sharon government in the Jenin Refugee Camp. After occupying the cities of Tulkarem, Qalqilya, Nablus and Jenin, the Israeli air force began carpet bombing of the old city of Nablus and the Jenin Refugee Camp. In both the old city of Nablus and especially the Jenin Refugee Camp, the Israeli army met fierce Palestinian resistance that led to the killing of 13 Israeli soldiers in the Jenin Refugee Camp, in addition to two more dead soldiers in Nablus and Dura. On April 9th, the Israeli army asked for a truce in the Jenin RC in order to get out unknown dead and wounded Israeli soldiers. After securing that, the army went berserk. It began massive demolishment of refugee houses in the JRC, using in the process 30 army bulldozers. On the same day, it was reported that the residents of the old al-Yassaminah neighborhood in Nablus were threatened by the army to evacuate their houses "because it intends to demolish the entire neighborhood." On April 11th, the Israeli Television showed a Palestinian old woman in Nablus who emotionally told a foreign television reporter: "They bulldozed the martyrs and threw them inside the sewage system so as to prevent the press from seeing and photographing." On April 14th, the Abu Dabi Television showed how a group of Palestinians were pulling out a woman from inside a sewage hole. She was still alive. On April 10th, Palestinian sources confirmed that over 130 dead Palestinians were under the rubble of the JRC. Then news began to filter out of the besieged JRC that the army began to carry out a massive campaign of ethnic cleansing. According to one source, the army evicted from the JRC "around 10,000 Palestinian refugees, out of population of 15,000." The evicted refugees were forced to go to the village of Rumana and other unknown locations. They resided inside schools, mosques and private houses, while other refugees slept in the open. Already on April 9th, "rumors" began to circulate out of a tight military siege that the Israeli army has dug a mass grave for dead Palestinians that were taken out of the JRC. According to a number of eyewitnesses, the army was seen smuggling out in trucks Palestinian corpses and that "Israeli bulldozers began to dig out a mass grave in which over 300 corpses were buried." In response, ex-Chief of Staff General Dan Shomron fiercely defended the Israeli army. In an interview with the Israeli Television, he declared: "We have the most ethical army in the world…" On April 11th , a high-ranking Israeli officer emphatically declared: "There was no massacre. We neither used tanks or air force. If we wanted, we could have done it in one day…" In response to a question, the army spokesperson claimed that the reason for the tight siege on the JRC was that the army is busy trying to "neutralize booby-trapped Palestinian corpses… " On April 12th , Two Arab members of the Israeli Parliament, along with Adala human rights organization, petitioned the Israeli Supreme Court, which issued an interim order that forbade the army from transporting and burying Palestinian corpses inside Israel. During the army's campaign against the JRC, news began to spread that the army does not take any Palestinian prisoners, that they shoot at anyone moving inside or outside their homes and that tight military siege has strictly been imposed by the army. During that time, the Israeli television met with a number of Israeli soldiers who took part in the invasion of Ramallah, Nablus, Jenin and the JRC. One soldier boasted by saying: "We demolished the entire city. Nablus was once a beautiful city…" Then next day, General Sharon was seen in a meeting with soldiers in the Jenin area. One soldier asked Sharon: "Where this will lead us to?" He added: "When I take out, at midnight, a weeping child from his house, I feel I am creating the next terrorist!" Sharon's response was: "We shall not withdraw from Ramallah, Nablus, Jenin or Bethlehem until we bring about the capitulation of the terrorists" On April 14th, Israeli troops murdered Abu Jandal, a military commander of the JRC resistance, who gave himself up along with an unknown number of fighters. Abu Jandal was shot and killed in cold blood, inside one of the courtyards of Jenin. A strong fear exists that other prisoners who gave themselves up to the Israeli army would meet the same fate Is Sharon A Man of Peace? During the course of the Israeli invasion and for a number of crucial days, anti-war and anti-Israeli demonstrations broke out in many Arab, Muslim, African, Asian, Latin American, European and American cities. Yet, the American Administration kept silent. When demonstrations in the Arab world began to become more intense and more critical of American support of Israel, the US Administration broke its silence. On April 4th, American President Bush delivered a speech in which he severely criticized the beleaguered and captive Palestinian President and demanded from him to be tough on terror and terrorists. Then, President Bush demanded from Israel to stop and withdraw its forces. He concluded by saying that he will dispatch foreign minister Colin Powel next week. The Bosh Administration carried out what could be best described as political and diplomatic acrobatics that showed pretension of being against Israeli aggressive invasion but not serious enough to stop it. It sent Powel on a tour of diversion that started with Morocco, then Egypt, Jordan, Spain and Israel, in order to provide the Israeli military machine with the necessary time to conclude their aggression. On April 7th, "American White House Spokesman described Sharon" in clear Orwelian language, " as a man of peace." This was a clear insult to human intelligence and memory. General Sharon's dark history reveal that on numerous occasions he has shown absolute disregard for: human lives, human rights, peace initiatives, international law, international treaties, UN Charter, UN Accords and Human Rights Instruments, and the laws and customs of war. In the 1948 war, Sharon participated in the Zionist campaign of ethnic cleansing against the Palestinian civilians; in 1953, and as a commander of the infamous Unit 101, officer Sharon demolished several houses on top of their Palestinian residents that resulted in the murder of 53 civilians; in the 1972, Commander of the Southern Region, General Sharon demolished thousands of refugee houses in the Gaza Strip and ethnically cleansed thousands of Palestinian refugees; in 1982, and as Defense Minister, General Sharon launched a bloody war of aggression against Lebanon and the PLO forces. During the course of the war extreme brutalities were committed by the Israeli forces, especially the 80 days bombardment, and rocketing of the besieged city of Beirut. But the most appalling of these brutalities was the massacre that was organized by Israel's top military commanders, headed by General Eric Sharon. Today, Prime Minister and Minister of Defense Sharon commits similar war crimes of war of aggression, murder, extra judicial killings, plunder, devastation, and ethnic cleansing in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. How can such a general with that dark record of war crimes be called "a man of peace"? A Possible Hague Tribunal According to International Law, laws and customs of war, the United Nations Charter, the individuals who could be charged with war crimes could be any of the following number of categories: (1) Those who had personally committed some violation of the
laws and customs of war; (2) those who committed some violation
of the laws and customs of war under order from some superior;
(3) those who belonged The present Israeli political and military leaders could be accused, by the international community and by a Hague Tribunal, of committing a number of war crimes. However, in order to bring the perpetrators of war crimes to justice, two conditions must be met: (1) An international, competent, and objective committee must be established by the international community. Its mandate must be clear and fully supported by a United Nations Security Council resolution, which will delegate it with the task of investigating the charges of war crimes that were committed by the Israeli army and the Israeli government; (2) The international community, especially Western Europe and the United States, must realize that Israel cannot be given the chance of freely violating international law. Israel, like other states, must abide by international law and UN resolutions, and Israeli violations and wanton brutality must be prosecutable and punishable and cannot remain camouflaged and justified by the brutal Occidental blanket of "terror and self-defense".
One must ask here a question. Why has the Israeli army systematically carried out a number of war crimes against the Palestinian civilian society? In order to comprehensively and truly answer this question, one must provide a necessary background that connects the Oslo Agreement with Sharon's present invasion of the OPTs. The following is an attempt to address the important issues. Oslo And After Israel has signed the Oslo Accords with the PLO in 1993, according to which Israel and the PLO have mutually recognized each other. In 1994, the PLO was allowed by Israel to establish its Palestinian Authority inside "autonomous zones", namely the cities and towns. Israel has also agreed to allow the PA to bring in about 40,000 security forces that were needed for policing the areas under its rule. According to the Oslo Accords, the Palestinian Authority was supposed to last five years (1994-1999). In the beginning of the last year, permanent status negotiations between Israel and the PA were supposed to take place. For ideological reasons, Prime Minister Natanyahu helped in creating an impasse for refusing to start these negotiations. In May 1999, Barak was elected as Prime Minister. He refused to carry out any withdrawal from area "B" to be added to areas "A" as stipulated by the Oslo Accords. Instead, Barak opted to go immediately to the permanent status negotiations, which is a stage to follow the interim period of autonomy. The logical consequences of the permanent status negotiations could have been total Israeli withdrawal from the OPTs; liquidation of the entire illegal colonial settlement inside the OPTs and the establishment of a fully sovereign and independent Palestinian state. However, Barak desired to partially withdraw from the OPTs, to control a strip of land around Palestinian territories under Israeli control for a limited period, to keep most of the colonial settlers inside three settlement blocks, and to keep occupied East Jerusalem under Israeli monopolized control. On the issue of the right to return of the Palestinian refugees, Barak did not yield. Barak Opts For Colonial Hegemony The Oslo Agreement was a camouflaged colonial solution to a colonial situation that was imposed on the Palestinians. It was definitely not a peace agreement nor a historical compromise. Yet, the ultra-nationalist Israeli Zionist right regarded Oslo as dangerous to the colonial project and was fiercely against it. After the assassination of Prime Minister Rabin by an anti-Oslo Israeli rightist. Shimon Peres replaced Rabin. During election campaign Peres wanted to act tough towards "the Arabs" so as to win right-wing voters. He, therefore, committed a massacre against Lebanese civilians. Israeli artillery bombarded "by mistake" a group of Palestinian refugees who found a temporary sanctuary inside a UN Forces camp. Over 100 Lebanese villagers were brutally killed by an Israeli shell. A UN vedio film was released by UN Secretary General showed how an Israeli plilotless small plane was seen guiding Israeli shelling and "the mistake" turned out to be a calculated killing of a mass of Arabs. Peres paid for "his mistake" in the election ballots. The public moved further to the right and ultra-nationalist Natanyahu was elected. Netanyahu began his subversion of Oslo and was engulfed with right-wing provocation when he approved the opening of the Tunnel under the al-Aqsa Mosque. Palestinians reacted with mass demonstrations and short three-day armed clashes took place leading to 14 dead Israeli soldiers and over 100 killed Palestinian security personnel and civilians. His procrastination regarding the permanent status negotiations and his impossible conditions created an impasse with the Palestinian side. Netanyahu's policies led to a deadlock and later to his political demise. General Barak managed to maneuver his way to become the leader of the Labor Party. He projected himself as a "peace candidate" campaigning against a rejectionist right wing Netanyahu. The Israeli public moved a bit to the Zionist Left and the Palestinian electors inside Israel helped defeat Netanyahu and bring a "man of peace" to become Israel's Prime Minister.
Both Natanyahu and Barak followed policies that showed Israeli retraction from Oslo. Natanyahu the rightist signed the Hebron Agreement that led to the partition of Hebron giving 80 percent of its territory to the Palestinians and keeping 20 percent under the army's control. However, Natanyahu refused, for ideological reasons, to start the permanent status negotiations. But he withdrew from small percentage of territory that was transferred to the Palestinian Authority. Barak the "man of peace" did not withdrew from one inch but started permanent status negotiations with the PA that went no where. The Demise of the Oslo Accords Camp David II was a Barak manufactured attempt to impose his colonial conditions on the Palestinians. It offered the Palestinians part of the Palestinian occupied territories, fractured fictitious sovereignty and colonial subjugation. Barak desired a continuation of the colonial project (Israeli settlement blocks) and a Zionistan entity for the Palestinians. After realizing that the Palestinians could not capitulate to Barak's hegemonic colonial conditions, the Barak government halted the permanent status negotiations and started a war against the Palestinian people. It began with Sharon's provocative visit to al-Aqsa Mosque in occupied East Jerusalem. Accompanied by 2000 Israeli police, General Sharon marched provocatively inside the courtyard of the al-Aqsa Mosque. This act expressed the ultra-rightist position of colonial monopoly of Jerusalem and rejection of the Oslo Agreement. It was meant to provoke Palestinian mass demonstrations, a matter that was used a justification by Barak to start the army's onslaught. Then, the Israeli police and border guards reacted with massive fire that led to the killing of 8 Palestinian demonstrators in one day, who were killed around the Mosque. Israeli snipers injured over one hundred demonstrators. This provoked more mass demonstrations that were met with more fire. Palestinian civilians were killed inside West Bank and Gaza Strip cities, villages and refugee camps. Israeli border guards and police also gunned down twelve Palestinian demonstrators, citizens of Israel. Barak was determined to force his conditions by the use of fire, tanks and an aggressive war. Palestinian civilians reacted with more demonstrations, and the numbers of those killed by the Israeli army began to increase. Mass demonstrations developed into a popular uprising, which the army did not like. Then armed clashes began to take place between armed Palestinians and the Israeli army. This militarization of the popular Uprising was a development that Israel helped to create. As the political option was liquidated by Barak and in reaction to massive killing and maiming of civilians, Palestinian Islamists began to carry out commando operations inside Israeli cities. To which the Israeli army retaliated with the maximization of fire power. F-16 bombers and Apache Helicopter gunships began to target Palestinian security installations. This went on for months, and was escalated more by Barak's government. A hit list of "wanted" Palestinian leaders and activists were targeted for assassination. The Israeli government approved this illegal policy of extra judicial killings and the army began to implement it. The Israeli policy of targeted killing provoked more Palestinian suicide bombings that resulted in a number of killings of Israeli civilians. Then, the Israeli government retaliated with more air raids and more targeted killings of Palestinian activists. Using the impact of the suicide bombings, the Israeli army began slow ethnic cleansing in the Gaza Strip that was implemented through the eviction of hundreds of Palestinian civilians, leveling their agricultural land and demolishing their houses. Then tanks were stationed at the entrances of Palestinian cities and towns. Typical of colonial societies, ultra right nationalism began to engulf the majority of the Israeli people. Racial violence by Israeli Jews aimed against Palestinian civilians began to take place inside Israeli streets. Around 2000 anti-Arab Israeli settlers attacked one Palestinian neighborhood of Nazareth, a Palestinian city located inside the State of Israel. Barak and his government was, in the public eye, unable to put an end to the fire it has ignited. Later on it was replaced by an ultra rightist General Eric Sharon. Concluding Remarks The right wing government of Israel, has clearly shown that it is ready to commit war crimes in order to continue its colonial subjugation of 3.2 million Palestinians. It uses the issue of "terror" to avoid paying the price of decolonization. It gets outright support from the American Administration and collaboration of the European and Arab regimes.
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